Biogeography of an invasion: distribution, biases and expansion of Linepithema humile in Mexico
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22201/ib.20078706e.2026.97.5692Keywords:
Citizen science, Geographic distribution, Exotic species, Formicidae;, SupercolonyAbstract
Linepithema humile (Mayr, 1868), is one of the most damaging invasive species worldwide. We analyzed its distribution in Mexico using an areographic and temporal approach, and modeled its potential distribution based on records from scientific literature, biological collections, and citizen science platforms. In addition, we assessed its degree of urban occupancy and the presence of supercolonies in Mexico City. The species was recorded in 14 states and 15 ecoregions, with a high concentration in Mexico City and adjacent areas of central Mexico, and scattered occurrences elsewhere, primarily in urban environments. Records showed a pronounced increase since 2015, in part driven by citizen science platforms. Potential distribution models predicted high environmental suitability in Baja California and the Trans- Mexican Volcanic Belt, particularly in urbanized areas. In Mexico City, L. humile occupied 13 boroughs, and aggression assays indicate the presence of a single supercolony. Our results emphasize the central role of urbanization in invasion dynamics, the need to address biases associated with data origin and highlight the value of citizen science for monitoring this species.
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