Peligro de extinción de poblaciones silvestres de chía (Salvia hispanica) bajo escenarios de calentamiento global
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22201/ib.20078706e.2026.97.5730Palabras clave:
Cambio climático, Idoneidad ambiental, Distribución de especies, Riesgo por vulnerabilidadResumen
Una de las mayores preocupaciones ante escenarios de cambio climático es la conservación de parientes silvestres de cultivos, dado su potencial como fuente de diversidad genética. Aquí evaluamos el efecto potencial del cambio climático actual y futuro (2040, 2060, 2080) para poblaciones silvestres de chía (Salvia hispanica), el pariente silvestre más cercano, a través de modelación del nicho ecológico utilizando cuatro modelos de cambio climático (ACCESS-CM2, BCC-CSM2-MR, MIROC6 y CanESM5) bajo dos trayectorias socioeconómicas (SSP2-4.5 y SSP5-8.5), considerando también dispersión limitada y de larga distancia. La distribución potencial actual de poblaciones silvestres de S. hispanica es de 192,789 km2 y 16.72% en áreas climáticamente estables que coinciden con 70 áreas naturales de conservación. Desafortunadamente hacia 2040, 2060 y 2080 su distribución se reducirá de -60.81% a -83.70% respectivamente bajo trayectoria socioeconómica optimista con dispersión a larga distancia y pesimista con dispersión limitada. Adicionalmente las regiones más sensibles coinciden con las que se han reportado como genéticamente diversas, Cinturón Volcánico Trans-Mexicano, Costa del Pacífico y Guatemala. Llamamos a incrementar los esfuerzos de conservación, aumentar las colecciones de germoplasma e iniciar proyectos de conservación in situ comunitarios con miras a conservar el reservorio genético del cultivo.
Citas
Akaike, H. (1974). A new look at the statistical model identification. In IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 19, 716–723. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAC.1974.1100705
Ali, N. M., Yeap, S. K., Ho, W. Y., Beh, B. K., Tan, S. W., & Tan, S. G. (2012). The promising future of chia, Salvia hispanica L. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, 2012, 171956. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/171956
Alkishe, A. A., Peterson, A. T., & Samy, A. M. (2017). Climate change influences on the potential geographic distribution of the disease vector tick Ixodes ricinus. Plos One, 12, e0189092. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0189092
Anderson, R., Lew, D., & Peterson, A. T. (2003). Evaluating predictive models of species distributions: criteria for selecting optimal models. Ecological Modelling, 162, 211–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3800(02)00349-6
Anuario Estadístico de Producción Agrícola. (2025). Servicio de información Agroalimentaria y Pesquera. Gobierno de México. Retrieved June 12, 2025 from: https://nube.agricultura.gob.mx/cierre_agricola/
Atauchi, P. J., Aucca-Chutas, C., Ferro, G., & Prieto-Torres, D. A. (2020). Present and future potential distribution of the endangered Anairetes alpinus (Passeriformes: Tyrannidae) under global climate change scenarios. Journal of Ornithology, 161, 723–738. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-020-01762-z
Barve, N., & Barve, V. (2016). ENMGadgets: tools for pre and post processing in ENM workflow. R package version 0.0.14. Available from: https://github.com/narayanibarve/ENMGadgets.
Barve, N., Barve, V., Jiménez-Valverde, A., Lira-Noriega, A., Maher, S. P., Peterson, A. T. et al. (2011). The crucial role of the accessible area in ecological niche modeling and species distribution modeling. Ecological Modelling, 222, 1810–1819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2011.02.011.
Bi, D., Dix, M., Marsland, S., O'Farrell, S., Rashid, H., Uotila, P. et al. (2013). The ACCESS coupled model: description, control climate and evaluation. Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Journal, 63, 41–64. https://doi.org/10.1071/ES13004
Böhning-Gaese, K., Jetz, W., & Schaefer, H. C. (2008). Impact of climate change on migratory birds: community reassembly versus. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 38–49. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2007.00341.x
Booth, T. H. (2022). Checking bioclimatic variables that combine temperature and precipitation data before their use in species distribution models. Austral Ecology, 47, 1506–1514. https://doi.org/10.1111/aec.13234
Boria, R. A., Olson, L. E., Goodman, S. M., & Anderson, R. P. (2014). Spatial filtering to reduce sampling bias can improve the performance of ecological niche models. Ecological Modelling, 275, 73–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2013.12.012
Bouman, F., & Meeuse, A. D. J. (2012). Dispersal in Labiatae. In R. M. Harley, & T. Reynolds (Eds.), Advances in Labiatae Science. Royal Botanic Gardens (pp. 193–202). Kew, UK.
Breiman, L. (2001). Random forests. Machine Learning, 45, 5–32 https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010933404324
Cahill, J. P. (2003). Ethnobotany of chia, Salvia hispanica L. (Lamiaceae). Economic Botany, 57, 604–618 https://doi.org/10.1663/0013-0001(2003)057[0604:EOCSHL]2.0.CO;2
Cahill, J. P. (2004). Genetic diversity among varieties of Chia (Salvia hispanica L.). Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 51, 773–781. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:GRES.0000034583.20407.80
Cahill, J. P. (2005). Human selection and domestication of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) Journal of Ethnobiology, 25, 155–174. https://doi.org/10.2993/0278-0771_2005_25_155_hsadoc_2.0.co_2.
Calderón-Ruíz, A., Montes-Hernández, S., García-Perea, M. A., Covarrubias-Prieto, J., Aguirre-Mancilla, C. L., & Raya-Pérez, J. C. (2021). Caracterización de poblaciones de Chía silvestre y cultivada. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Agrícolas, 12, 1161–1170. https://doi.org/10.29312/remexca.v12i7.2243 .
Chen, Y. H., Shapiro, L. R., Benrey, B., & Cibrián-Jaramillo, A. (2017). Back to the origin: in situ studies are needed to understand selection during crop diversification. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 5, 125. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2017.00125
Cheplick, G. P. (2022). Philomatry in plants: Why do so many species have limited seed dispersal? American Journal of Botany, 109, 29–45. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajb2.1791
Cobos, M. E., Peterson, A. T., Barve, N., & Osorio-Olvera, L. (2019). kuenm: an R package for detailed development of ecological niche models using Maxent. PeerJ, 7, e6281. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6281
Cobos, M. E., & Bosch, R. A. (2018) Recent and future threats to the Endangered Cuban toad Peltophryne longinasus: potential additive impacts of climate change and habitat loss. Oryx, 52, 116–125. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605316000612
Collevatti, R. G., Terribile, L. C., de Oliveira, G., Lima-Ribeiro, M. S., Nabout, J. C., Rangel, T. F. et al. (2013). Drawbacks to palaeodistribution modeling: The case of South American seasonally dry forests. Journal of Biogeography, 40, 345–358. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.12005.
Colunga-García Marín, P., & Zizumbo-Villarreal, D. (2004). Domestication of plants in Maya lowlands. Economic Botany, 58, S101-S110.
Contreras‐Toledo, A. R., Cortés‐Cruz, M. A., Costich, D., Rico‐Arce, M De L., Brehm, J. M., & Maxted, N. (2018). A crop wild relative inventory for Mexico. Crop Science, 58, 1292–1305. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2017.07.0452
Cornejo-Tenorio, G., & Ibarra-Manríquez, G. (2011). Diversidad y distribución del género Salvia (Lamiaceae) en Michoacán, México. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, 82, 1279–1296. https://doi.org/10.22201/ib.20078706e.2011.4.668.
Dantas, B. F., Moura, M. S. B., Pelacani, C. R., Angelotti, F., Taura, T. A., Oliveira, G. M. et al. (2020). Rainfall, not soil temperature, will limit the seed germination of dry forest species with climate change. Oecologia, 192, 529–541. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-019-04575-x
Davison, C. W., Rahbek, C., & Morueta‐Holme, N. (2021). Land‐use change and biodiversity: Challenges for assembling evidence on the greatest threat to nature. Global Change Biology, 27, 5414–5429. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15846.
Díaz-García, G., Enciso-Maldonado, G. A., & Lozoya-Saldaña, H. (2023). Solanum demissum Lindl. in potato breeding. Revista Chapingo. Serie Horticultura, 29, 131–148. https://doi.org/10.5154/r.rchsh.2023.01.001
Díaz-Vallejo, M., Peña-Peniche, A., Mota-Vargas, C., Piña-Torres, J., Valencia-Rodríguez, D., Rangel-Rivera, C. E. et al. (2024). Analyses of the variable selection using correlation methods: an approach to the importance of statistical inferences in the modeling process. Ecological Modelling, 498, 110893. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2024.110893.
Dinerstein, E., Olson, D., Joshi, A., Vynne, C., Burgess, N. D., Wikramanayake, E. P. et al. (2017). An ecoregion-based approach to protecting half the terrestrial realm. Bioscience, 67, 534–545. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/bix014.
Dormann, C. F., Elith, J., Bacher, S., Buchmann, C., Carl, G., Carré, G. et al. (2013). Collinearity: A review of methods to deal with it and a simulation study evaluating their performance. Ecography, 36, 027–046. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.2012.07348.x.
Dupin, J., & Smith, S. D. (2019). Integrating historical biogeography and environmental niche evolution to understand the geographic distribution of Datureae. American Journal of Botany, 106, 667–678. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajb2.1281.
Durán, N., Ruiz, J. A., González, D. R., Mena, S., & Orozco-de Rosas, G. (2016). Cambio climático y su impacto sobre la aptitud ambiental y distribución geográfica de Salvia hispanica L. en México. Interciencia, 41, 407–413.
Eamus, D., Boulain, N., Cleverly, J., & Breshears, D. D. (2013). Global change‐type drought‐induced tree mortality: Vapor pressure deficit is more important than temperature per se in causing decline in tree health. Ecology and Evolution, 3, 2711–2729.
Elith, J., Graham, C. H., Anderson, R. P., Dudík, M., Ferrier, S., Guisan, A. et al. (2006). Novel methods improve prediction of species’ distributions from occurrence data. Ecography, 29, 129–151. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2006.0906-7590.04596.x
Elith, J. E., Phillips, S. J., Hastie, T., Dudík, M., Chee, Y. E., & Yates, C. J. (2011). A statistical explanation of Maxent for ecologists. Diversity and Distributions, 17, 43–57. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2010.00725.x
Escobar, L. E., Lira-Noriega, A., Medina-Vogel, G., & Peterson, A. T. (2014). Potential for spread of the white-nose fungus (Pseudogymnoascus destructans) in the Americas: Use of Maxent and NicheA to assure strict model transference. Geospatial Health, 9, 221–229. https://doi.org/10.4081/gh.2014.19
Esquivel, B., Calderón, J. S., Sánchez, A. A., Ramamoorthy, T. P., Flores, E. A., & Domínguez, R. M. (1996). Recent advances in phytochemistry and biological activity of Mexican Labiatae. Revista Latinoamericana de Química, 24, 44–64.
Fick, S. E., & Hijmans, R. J. (2017). WorldClim 2: new 1 km spatial resolution climate surfaces for global land areas. International Journal of Climatology, 37, 4302–4315. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5086.
Flannery, K. V. (1973). The origins of agriculture. Annual Review of Anthropology, 2, 271–310.
Gama-Rodríguez, A. M., García, J. A., Lozano, L. F., & Prieto-Torres, D. A. (2024). Protecting breeding sites: a critical goal for the conservation of the golden eagle in Mexico under global change scenarios. Journal of Ornithology, 165, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-024-02168-x.
Goettsch, B., Urquiza‐Haas, T., Koleff, P., Acevedo-Gasman, F., Aguilar‐Meléndez, A., Alavez, V. et al. (2021). Extinction risk of Mesoamerican crop wild relatives. Plants, People, Planet, 3, 775–795. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp3.10225.
Gómez‐Pineda, E., Sáenz‐Romero, C., Ortega‐Rodríguez, J. M., Blanco‐García, A., Madrigal‐Sánchez, X., Lindig‐Cisneros, R. et al. (2020). Suitable climatic habitat changes for Mexican conifers along altitudinal gradients under climatic change scenarios. Ecological Applications, 30, e02041. https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.2041
Góral, P. (2025). Chia seeds market update - January 2025. Retrieved June 12, 2025 from: https://seedea.pl/chia-seeds-market-update-january-2025/#:~:text=No%20spam.-,The%20Largest%20Importers%20of%20Chia%20Seeds:%20A%20Global%20Overview,global%20appeal%20of%20chia%20seeds
Grancieri, M., Martino, H. S. D., & González-de Mejía, E. (2019). Chia seed (Salvia hispanica L.) as a source of proteins and bioactive peptides with health benefits: a review. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 18, 480–499. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12423
Guzmán, R., & Iltis, H. H. (1991) Biosphere reserve established in Mexico to protect rare maize relative. Diversity, 7, 82–84.
Hajjar, R., & Hodgkin, T. (2007). The use of wild relatives in crop improvement: a survey of developments over the last 20 years. Euphytica, 156, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-007-9363-0
Hansen J. E., Kharecha, P., Sato, M., Tselioudis, G., Kelly, J., Bauer, S. E. et al. (2025) Global warming has accelerated: Are the United Nations and the public well-informed? Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, 67, 6–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/00139157.2025.2434494
Hartmann, H., Bastos, A., Das, A. J., Esquivel-Muelbert, A., Hammond, W. M., Martínez-Vilalta, J. et al. (2022). Climate change risks to global forest health: emergence of unexpected events of elevated tree mortality worldwide. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 73, 673–702. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-102820-012804
Hanspach, J., Kühn, I., Schweiger, O., & Pompe, S. (2011). Geographical patterns in prediction errors of species distribution models. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 20, 779–788. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2011.00649.x
Hewitt, G. M. (2004). Genetic consequences of climatic oscillations in the Quaternary. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 359, 183–195. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2003.1388.
Hijmans, R. J., Cameron, S. E., Parra, J. L., Jones, P. G., & Jarvis, A. (2005). Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas. International Journal of Climatology: A Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 25, 1965–1978. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1276
Hijmans, R. (2025). terra: spatial data analysis. R package version 1.8–55, https://rspatial.org/
Inman, J. (1835). Navigation and Nautical Astronomy for the use of British seamen. 3rd Edition. London: R. B. Bate.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2022). Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Geneva. Retrieved from https://www.ipcc.ch/report/sixth-assessment-report-working-group-3/
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) & United Nations Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC). (2020). Protected planet-The latest initiative harnessing the world database on protected areas. The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA). www.protectedplanet.net
Jamboonsri, W., Phillips, T. D., Geneve, R. L., Cahill, J. P., & Hildebrand, D. F. (2012). Extending the range of an ancient crop, Salvia hispanica L.-a new ω3 source. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 59, 171–178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-011-9673-x.
Janeković, F., & Novak, T. (2012). PCA-A Powerful Method for Analyzing Ecological Niches. In P. Sanguansat (Ed.), Principal component analysis. Multidisciplinary applications (pp.127–142) Croatia: InTech. https://doi.org/10.5772/38538.
Jarvis, A., Lane, A., & Hijmans, R. J. (2008). The effect of climate change on crop wild relatives. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 126, 13–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2008.01.013
Jin, J., Jian, D., Zhou, X., Chen, Q., & Li, Y. (2025). Impact of El Niño —southern oscillation on global vegetation. Atmosphere, 16, 701. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16060701
Kaeslin, A., Redmond, I., & Dudley, N. (2012). Wildlife in a changing climate. FAO Forestry Paper, 167. Rome.
Katunzi-Kilewela, A., Kaale, L. D., Kibazohi, O., & Rweyemamu, L. M. (2021). Nutritional, health benefits and usage of chia seeds (Salvia hispanica): a review. African Journal of Food Science, 15, 48–59. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJFS2020.2015
Kirchhoff, P. (2000). Mesoamérica (Paul Kirchhoff). Dimensión Antropológica, 19, 15–32.
Klitgaard, B. B. (2012). Salvia. In G. Davidse, M. S. Sousa, S. Knapp, F. Chiang, & C. Ulloa (Eds.), Flora mesoamericana, Rubiaceae a Verbenaceae. Vol. 4, núm. 2 (pp. 147–245) Saint Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden Press.
Lara-Cabrera, S. I., Bedolla-García, B. Y., Zamudio, S., & Domínguez-Vázquez, G. (2016). Diversidad de Lamiaceae en el estado de Michoacán, México. Acta Botanica Mexicana, 116, 107–149. https://doi.org/10.21829/abm116.2016.1120
Lara-Cabrera, S., Rivera, I., Aguilar, R., Farfán-Heredia, B., Orozco-de Rosas, G., Lomelí, D. et al. (2025). People and chia: a lengthy and bumpy relationship. In A. Casas, N. Peroni, F. Parra, V. S. Lema, X. Aguirre-Dugua, E. Arévalo-Marín et al. (Eds.), Biodiversity management and domestication in the Neotropics. Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-64203-6_32-1
Legendre, P. (1993). Spatial autocorrelation: trouble or new paradigm? Ecology, 74, 1659–1673. https://doi.org/10.2307/1939924
Liu, J. P., Song, M., Horton, R. M., & Hu, Y. (2013). Reducing spread in climate model projections of a September ice-free Arctic. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110, 12571–12576. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1219716110
Marco, D. E., Montemurro, M. A., & Cannas, S. A. (2011). Comparing short and long‐distance dispersal: modeling and field case studies. Ecography, 34, 671–682. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.2010.06477.x.
Matrícula de Tributos (Edición Facsimilar). (2022). Arqueología Mexicana. Edición especial, 101. Ciudad de México. Editorial Raíces S.A. de C.V.
Maxted, N., Ford-Lloyd, B. V., Jury, S., Kell, S., & Scholten, M. (2006). Towards a definition of a crop wild relative. Biodiversity & Conservation, 15, 2673–2685. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-005-5409-6
Mendoza-Maya, E., Gómez-Pineda., E, Sáenz-Romero, C., Hernández, J. C., López-Sánchez, C. A., Vargas-Hernández, J. J. et al. (2022) Assisted migration and the rare endemic plant species: the case of two endangered Mexican spruces. PeerJ, 10, e13812. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13812
Morrone, J. J., Escalante, T., & Rodríguez-Tapia, G. (2017). Provincias biogeográficas mexicanas: mapa y shapefiles. Zootaxa, 4277, 277–279. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4277.2.8
Murrieta-Flores, P., Jiménez-Badillo, D., Martins, B., Favila-Vázquez, M., & Liceras-Garrido, R. (2020). DECM Machine Ready Corpus. T-AP Digging into Early Colonial Mexico Project. Figshare, Dataset. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.12048729
Núñez-Landa, M. L., Montero-Castro, J. C. M., Monterrubio-Rico, T. C., Lara-Cabrera, S. I., & Prieto-Torres, D. A. (2023). Predicting co-distribution patterns of parrots and woody plants under global changes: the case of the Lilac-crowned Amazon and Neotropical dry forests. Journal for Nature Conservation, 71, 126323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2022.126323
Orozco-de Rosas, G., Durán-Puga, N., González-Eguiarte, D. R., Zarazúa-Villaseñor, P., Ramírez-Ojeda, G., & Mena-Munguía, S. (2014). Proyecciones de cambio climático y potencial productivo para Salvia hispanica L. en las zonas agrícolas de México. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Agrícolas, 5, 1831–1842.
Ortiz-Bibian, M. A., Blanco-García, A., Lindig-Cisneros, R. A., Gómez-Romero, M. Castellanos-Acuña, D., Herrerías-Diego, Y. et al. (2017). Genetic variation in Abies religiosa for quantitative traits and delineation of elevational and climatic zoning for maintaining Monarch Butterfly overwintering sites in Mexico, considering climatic change. Silvae Genetica, 66, 14–23. https://doi.org/10.1515/sg-2017-0003
Owens, H. L., Campbell, L. P., Dornak, L. L., Saupe, E. E., Barve, N., Soberón, J. et al. (2013). Constraints on interpretation of ecological niche models by limited environmental ranges on calibration areas. Ecological Modelling, 263, 10–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2013.04.011
Peterson, A. T., Cobos, M. E., & Jiménez-García, D. (2018). Major challenges for correlational ecological niche model projections to future climate conditions. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1429, 66–77. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13873
Peterson, A. T., Ortega-Huerta, M. A., Bartley, J., Sánchez-Cordero, V., Soberón, J., Buddemeier, R. H. et al. (2002). Future projections for Mexican faunas under global climate change scenarios. Nature, 416, 626. https://doi.org/10.1038/416626a
Peterson, A. T., Papeş, M., & Soberón, J. (2008). Rethinking receiver operating characteristic analysis applications in ecological niche modeling. Ecological Modelling, 213, 63–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2007.11.008
Peterson, A. T., Soberón, J., Pearson, R. G., Anderson, R. P., Martínez-Meyer, E., Nakamura, M. et al. (2011). Ecological niches and geographic distributions (MPB-49). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Phillips, S. J., Anderson, R. P., & Schapire, R. E. (2006). Maximum entropy modeling of species geographic distributions. Ecological Modelling, 190, 231–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.03.026.
Prieto-Torres, D. A. (2024). Práctica 28. Adquisición y biocuración de datos distribucionales. In T. Escalante, E. A. García-Trejo, & J. J. Morrone (Eds.), Biogeografía práctica. (pp. 105–107) Ciudad de México: Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
Prieto-Torres, D. A., Lira-Noriega, A., & Navarro-Sigüenza, A. G. (2020). Climate change promotes species loss and uneven modification of richness patterns in the avifauna associated to Neotropical seasonally dry forests. Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation, 18, 19–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecon.2020.01.002
Prieto-Torres, D. A., Núñez-Rosas, L. E., Remolina-Figueroa, D., & Arizmendi, M. C. (2021). Most Mexican hummingbirds lose under climate and land-use change: long-term conservation implications. Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation, 19, 487–499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecon.2021.07.001
Ramamoorthy, T. P. (1996). Salvia. L. In G. Calderón-de Rzedowski, & J. Rzedowski (Eds.), Flora fanerogámica del Valle de México, 2a. Ed. (pp. 632–644). Instituto de Ecología, A.C. y Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad. Pátzcuaro, Michoacán.
Ramírez-Barahona, S., Cuervo-Robayo, Á. P., Feeley, K. J., Ortiz-Rodríguez, A. E., Vásquez-Aguilar, A. A., Ornelas, J. F. et al. (2025). Upslope plant species shifts in Mesoamerican cloud forests driven by climate and land use change. Science, 387, 1058–1063. https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.adn2559
Rehfeldt, G. E., Leites, L. P., Joyce, D. G., & Weiskittel, A. R. (2018). Role of population genetics in guiding ecological responses to climate. Global Change Biology, 24, 858–868. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13883
Riahi, K., Van Vuuren, D. P., Kriegler, E., Edmonds, J., O’Neill, B. C., Fujimori, S. et al. (2017). The shared socioeconomic pathways and their energy, land use, and greenhouse gas emissions implications: an overview. Global Environmental Change, 42, 153–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.05.009
Rick, C. M., & Chetelat, R. T. (1995). Utilization of related wild species for tomato improvement. In I International Symposium on Solanacea for Fresh Market, 412, 21–38. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.1995.412.1
Rödder, D., & Engler, J. O. (2011). Quantitative metrics of overlaps in Grinnellian niches: advances and possible drawbacks. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 20, 915–927. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2011.00659.x
Rojas‐Soto, O., Forero‐Rodríguez, J. S., Galindo‐Cruz, A., Mota‐Vargas, C., Parra‐Henao, K. D., Peña‐Peniche, A. et al. (2024). Calibration areas in ecological niche and species distribution modeling: unravelling approaches and concepts. Journal of Biogeography, 51, 1416–1428. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.14834
Sáenz-Romero, C., Rehfeldt, G. E., Crookston, N. L., Duval, P., St-Amant, R., Beaulieu, J. et al. (2010). Spline models of contemporary, 2030, 2060 and 2090 climates for México and their use in understanding climate-change impacts on the vegetation. Climatic Change, 102, 595–623. https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/36311
Soberón, J., & Peterson, A. T. (2005). Interpretation of models of fundamental ecological niches and species’ distributional areas. Biodiversity Informatics, 2, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.17161/bi.v2i0.4
Sorondo, A. (2017). U.S. Patent No. 9,686,926. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
Sosa, A., Ruiz, G., Rana, J., Gordillo, G., West, H., Sharma, M. et al. (2016). Chia crop (Salvia hispanica L.): its history and importance as a source of polyunsaturated fatty acids omega-3 around the world: a review. Journal of Crop Research and Fertilizers, 1, 1–9.
Sosa-Baldivia, A., & Ruiz-Ibarra, G. (2016). ¿Será Diabrotica speciosa Germar, 1824 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) una plaga de importancia económica para la producción de chía (Salvia hispanica L.) en México? Entomología Agrícola, 3, 269–274.
Srinivasa Rao, M., Mani, M., Prasad, Y. G., Prabhakar, M., Sridhar, V., Vennila, S. et al. (2022). Climate change and pest management strategies in horticultural and agricultural ecosystems. In M. Mani. (Ed) Trends in horticultural entomology (pp. 81–122) Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0343-4_3
Stohlgren, T. J., Otsuki, Y., Villa, C. A., Lee, M., & Belnap, J. (2001). Patterns of plant invasions: a case example in native species hotspots and rare habitats. Biological Invasions, 3, 37–50. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011451417418
Terribile, L, C., Lima-Ribeiro, M. S., Araújo, M. B., Bizão, N., Collevatti, R. G., Dobrovolski, R. et al. (2012). Areas of climate stability of species ranges in the Brazilian Cerrado: disentangling uncertainties through time. Natureza & Conservação, 10, 152–159. https://doi.org/10.4322/natcon.2012.025
Tomlinson, S., Lewandrowski, W., Elliott, C. P., Miller, B. P., & Turner, S. R. (2020). High‐resolution distribution modeling of a threatened short‐range endemic plant informed by edaphic factors. Ecology and Evolution, 10, 763–777. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.5933
Tobón-Niedfeldt, W., Mastretta-Yanes, A., Urquiza-Haas, T., Goettsch, B., Cuervo-Robayo, A. P., Urquiza-Haas, T. et al. (2022). Incorporating evolutionary and threat processes into crop wild relatives conservation. Nature Communications, 13, 6254. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-33703-0
Uribe, B. E. (2015). El cambio climático y sus efectos en la biodiversidad en América Latina. Santiago: Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL).
Velazco, S. J. E., Galvao, F., Villalobos, F., & De Marco, P. Jr. (2017). Using worldwide edaphic data to model plant species niches: an assessment at a continental extent. Plos One, 12, e0186025. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0186025
Villaseñor, J. L., Ortiz, E., & Murguía-Romero, M. (2024). The rarest of rarities in the flora of Mexico. Botanical Sciences, 102, 1300–1317. https://doi.org/10.17129/botsci.3498
Vincent, H., Hole, D., & Maxted, N. (2022). Congruence between global crop wild relative hotspots and biodiversity hotspots. Biological Conservation, 265, 109432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109432
Vincent, H., Wiersema, J., Kell, S., Fielder, H., Dobbie, S., Castañeda-Álvarez, N. P. et al. (2013). A prioritized crop wild relative inventory to help underpin global food security. Biological Conservation, 167, 265–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2013.08.011
Watanabe, M., Suzuki, T., O'ishi, R., Komuro, Y., Watanabe, S., Emori, S. et al. (2010). Improved climate simulation by MIROC5: mean states, variability, and climate sensitivity. Journal of Climate, 23, 6312–6335. -https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JCLI3679.1
Wei, T., & Simko, V. (2017). R package “corrplot”: Visualization of a correlation matrix. Retrieved. https://github.com/taiyun/corrplot
Wood, J. R. I., & Harley, R. M. (1989). The genus Salvia (Labiatae) in Colombia. Kew
Bulletin, 44, 211–278.
Yeboah, S., Owusu-Danquah, E., Lamptey, J. N. L., Mochiah, M. B., Lamptey, S., Oteng-Darko, P. et al. (2014). Influence of planting methods and density on performance of chia (Salvia hispanica) and its suitability as an oilseed plant. Science and Education Centre of North America, 2, 14–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.12735/as.v2i4p14
Zelinka, M. D., Myers, T. A., McCoy, D. T., Po‐Chedley, S., Caldwell, P. M., Ceppi, P. et al. (2020). Causes of higher climate sensitivity in CMIP6 models. Geophysical Research Letters, 47, e2019GL085782. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL085782
Zona, S. (2017). Fruit and seed dispersal of Salvia L. (Lamiaceae): a review of the evidence. The Botanical Review, 83, 195–212. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12229-017-9189-y
