Differentiation of Military Macaws (Ara militaris) in captivity using photo-identification
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22201/ib.20078706e.2021.92.3331Palabras clave:
Feather patterns, Photo-identification, Military Macaw, Natural markingsResumen
The Military Macaw (Ara militaris) is an endangered species with scarce available information on its natural history. One of the main problems regarding its study has been the identification of individuals, which rapidly reach adult size and lack sexual dimorphism. Traditional marking techniques used to identify individuals require their capture; however, there is a high risk of injury. Also, marking can influence behavior, reproduction, and survival, so there is a high probability of disturbing the population. To minimize such disturbances, it is advisable to use natural markings to identify individuals. Photo-identification is one marking technique that can help to identify individuals without disturbing populations. In the case of the Military Macaw, the face lines (feather patterns) present natural marks that can be used for the photo-identification of individuals using specialized software. In this study, we tested the utility (effectiveness) of photo-identification in 24 Military Macaw individuals in captivity. Significant differences were found between the feather patterns on the right and left sides of the face of the same individual and also between the feather patterns on the right and left sides among individuals. We propose here that photo-identification is a reliable technique for distinguishing Military Macaws individuals within a population, opening the door to more specific ecological studies.
Citas
Acevedo, A., Aguayo, A., & Pastene, N. (2006). Filopatría de la ballena jorobada (Megaptera novaeangliae Borowski, 1781), al área de alimentación del estrecho de Magallanes. Revista de Biología Mararina y Oceanografía, 41, 11–19. http://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-19572006000100004
Arizmendi, M. C., & Márquez-Valdelamar, L. (2000). Áreas de importancia para la conservación de las aves en México. México D.F: CIPAMEX.
Arroyo, B., & Bretagnolle, V. (1999). Field identification of individual Little bustard Tetrax tetrax males using plumage patterns. Ardeola, 46, 53–60.
Beck, C. A., & Osborn, R. J. (1995). Manatee individual photo-identification system. Sirenia Project, US Geological Survey. Recovered March, 2019 from: https://dspace.mote.org/bitstream/handle/2075/3453/barton-mtr.pdf?sequence=1
Beck, C. A., & Reid, J. P. (1995). An automated photo-identification catalog for studies of the life history of the Florida manatee. In T. J. O’Shea, B. B. Ackerman, & H. F. Percival (Eds.), Population biology of the Florida manatee US (pp. 135–160). Washington DC: National Biological Service.
Best, P. B., Payne, R., Rowntree, V., Truda P. J., & Do Carmo B. M. (1993). Amplio rango de movimientos de las ballenas francas del Atlántico Sur Eubalaena australis. Marine Mammal Science, 9, 227–234. http://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-19572008000300024
BirdLife International. (2020). Ara militaris, Red List of Threatened Species. UICN 2019, Recovered March, 2019 from: www.birdlife.org
Bradshaw, C. J. A., Mollet, H. F., & Meekan, M. G. (2007). Inferring population trends for the world’s largest fish from mark–recapture estimates of survival. Journal of Animal Ecology, 76, 480–489. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2006.01201.x
Bretagnolle, V., Thibault, J. C., & Dominici, J. M. (1994). Field identification of individual ospreys using head marking pattern. Journal of Wildlife Management, 58, 175–178. https://doi.org/10.2307/3809565
Buonantony, D. (2008). An analysis of utilizing the Leatherback´s Pineal Spot for photo-identification (Master Thesis in Environmental Management). Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Duke University. North Carolina, USA.
Calambokidis, J., Barlow, J., Ford, J. K. B., Chandler, T. E., & Douglas, A. B. (2009). Insights into the population structure of blue whales in the Eastern North Pacific from recent sightings and photographic identification. Marine Mammal Science, 25, 816–832. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2009.00298.x
Cañadas, A. M., & Sagarminaga, R. (1995). Estudio de distribución y dinámica de las poblaciones de cetáceos en las aguas del sudeste Español. Boletín del Instiuto de Estudios Almerienses, 13, 7–24.
Caro, T. M. (1994). Cheetahs of the Serengeti Plains: group living in an asocial species. Chicago: University of Chicago.
Carreón, A. G. (1997). Estimación poblacional, biología reproductiva y ecología de la nidificación de la Guacamaya verde (Ara militaris) en una selva estacional del oeste del estado de Jalisco (Tesis). Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. México, D.F.
Caughley, G. (1994). Directions in conservation biology. Journal of Animal Ecology, 63, 215– 244. https://doi.org/10.2307/5542
CITES. (1998). Appendices I, II and III to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Fora. Washington D.C.: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of the Interior.
Collar, N. J. (1997). Family Psittacidae (parrots). In J. Del Hoyo, A. Elliott, & J. Sargatal (Eds.), Handbook of the birds of the world (pp. 280–477). Barcelona: Lynx Eds.
Connolly, R. M., Melville, A. J., & Keesing, J. K. (2002). Abundance, movement and individual identification of leafy seadragons, Phycodurus eques (Pisces: Syngnathidae). Marine and Freshwater Research, 53, 777–780. http://doi.org/10.1071/MF01168
Constantine, R., Russell, K., Gibbs, N., Childerhouse, S., & Baker, C. S. (2007). Photo-identification of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in New Zeland waters and their migratory connections to breeding grounds of Oceania. Marine Mammal Science, 23, 715–720. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2007.00124.x
Contreras-González, A. N., Rivera-Ortíz, F. A., Soberanes-González, C., Valiente-Banuet, A., & Arizmendi, C. (2009). Feeding Ecology of Military Macaws (Ara militaris) in a semi-arid region of central México. The Wilson Journal of Ornitology, 121, 384–391. https://doi.org/10.1676/08-034.1
De Oliveira, M. C., & Rosso, S. (2008). Social organization of marine tucuxi dolphins, Sotalia guianensis, in the Cananéia Estuary of Southeastern Brazil. Journal of Mammalogy, 89, 347–355. https://doi.org/10.1644/07-MAMM-A-090R2.1
Dixon, D. R. (2003). A non-invasive technique for identifying individual badgers Meles meles. Mammal Review, 33, 92–94. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2907.2003.00001.x
Dugger, K. M., Ballard, G., Ainley, D. G., & Barton, K. J. (2006). Effects of Flipper Bands on Foraging Behavior and Survival of Adélie Penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae). The Auk, 123, 858–869. https://doi.org/10.1093/auk/123.3.858
Durán, M. A. M. R. (2003). Efecto del complejo B y vitaminas, sobre el crecimiento de las plumas remeras, en loros cariamarillos (Amazona autumnalis) en cautiverio en el centro de rescate de vida silvestre ARCAS, Petén (Tesis). Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacia, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Guatemala.
Foote, A. D., Similä, T., Víkingsson, G. A., & Stevick, P. T. (2009). Movement, site fidelity and connectivity in a top marine predator, the killer whale. Evolutionary Ecology, 24, 803–814. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10682-009-9337-x
Forcada, K. J., & Aguilar, A. (2000). Use of photographic identification in capture-recapture studies of Mediterranean monk seals. Marine Mammal Science, 16, 767–793. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2000.tb00971.x
Forshaw, J. M. (1989). Parrots of the world. Melbourne: Lansdowne.
Foster, J. B. (1966). The giraffe of Nairobi National Park: home range, sex ratios, the herd, and food. East African Wildlife Journal, 4,139–148. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.1966.tb00889.x
Foster, G., Krijger, H., & Bangay, S. (2006). Zebra fingerprints: towards a computer-aided identification system for individual zebra. African Journal of Ecology, 45, 225–227. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2006.00716.x
Gamble, L., Ravela, S., & McGarigal, K. (2008). Multi-scale features for identifying individuals in large biological databases: an application of pattern recognition technology to the marbled salamander Ambystoma opacum. Journal of Applied Ecology, 45, 170–180. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2007.01368.x
Gaucín, R. N., Íñigo, E. E., Treviño, C. J. Zúñiga, T. B., Sifuentes, H. G., Carmona, G. L. et al. (1999). Biología de conservación de la Guacamaya Verde (Ara militaris) en el Sótano del Barro, Querétaro. Informe final Facultad de Ciencias Naturales. Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro. Querétaro, México.
Glockner, D. A., & Venus, S. C. (1983). Identification, growth rate, and behavior of humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) cows and calves in the waters off Maui, Hawaii. In R. Payne (Eds.), Communication and behavior of whales (pp. 321–340). Denver: Westview.
Goodall, J. (1986). The chimpanzees of Gombe: patterns of behavior. Cambridge, USA: Harvard University.
Guerrero-Moreno R. E., & Álvarez-Borrego, J. (2009). Nonlinear composite filter performance. Optical Engineering, 48, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11265-020-01543-0
Íñigo-Elías, E. (1999). Las guacamayas verde y escarlata en México. Biodiversitas, 25, 7–11.
Íñigo-Elías, E. E. (2000). Guacamaya verde (Ara militaris). In G. Ceballos, & V. L. Márquez (Eds.), Las aves de México en peligro de extinción (pp. 213–215). México D.F.: Fondo de Cultura Económica.
Jiménez-Arcos, V. H., Santa Cruz-Padilla, S. A., Escalona-López, A., Arizmendi, M. C., & Vázquez, L. (2012). Ampliación de la distribución y presencia de una colonia reproductiva de la guacamaya verde (Ara militaris) en el alto Balsas de Guerrero, México. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, 83, 864–867. https://doi.org/10.7550/rmb.27460
Juniper, T., & Parr, M. (1998). Parrots. A guide to parrots of the world. London: Yale University Press.
Kelly, M. J. (2001). Computer-aided photograph matching in studies using individual identification: an example from Serengeti Cheetahs. Journal of Mammalogy, 82, 440–449. https://doi.org/10.1644/1545-1542(2001)082<0440:CAPMIS>2.0.CO;2
Langtimm, C. A., Beck, C. A., Edwards, H. H., Fick, K. J., Ackerman, B. B., Barton, S. L. et al. (2004). Survival estimates for Florida manatees from the photo-identification of individuals. Marine Mammal Science, 20, 438–463. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2004.tb01171.x
Limpus, C. J., Miller, J. D., Paramenter, C. J., Reimer, D., McLachlan, N., & Webb, R. (1992). Migration of green (Chelonia mydas) and loggerhead (caretta caretta) turtles to and from eastern Australian rookeries. Wildlife Research, 19, 347–357. https://doi.org/10.1071/WR9920347
Loza, S. C. (1997). Patrones de abundancia, uso de hábitat y alimentación de la Guacamaya verde (Ara militaris) en la Presa Cajón de Peña, Jalisco, México (Tesis). Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. México D.F.
Lusseau, D., Wilson, B., Hammond, P. S., Grellier, K., Durban, J. W., Parsons, K. M. et al. (2006). Quantifying the influence of sociality on population structure in bottlenose dolphins. Journal of Animal Ecology, 75, 14-24. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2005.01013.x
Mackey, B., Durban, J. Middlemas, S., & Thompson, P. (2007). A Bayesian estimate of harbour seal survival using sparse photo-identification data. Journal of Zoology, 274, 18–27. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.2007.00352.x
Martínez-Aguilar, S. (2008). Un modelo de abundancia absoluta de la ballena jorobada Megaptera novaeangliae, en aguas adyacentes a las islas del Archipiélago de Revillagigedo, México (Tesis). Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. México D.F.
Masclans, M. (2010). La fotoidentificación de carnívoros, un método de estudio científico. España, Barcelona. Recuperado en marzo, 2014 de: www.fotonatura.org/revista/articulos
Mizroch, S. A., Herman, L. M., Straley, J. M., Glockner-Ferrari, D. A., Jurasz, C., Darling, J. et al. (2004). Estimating the adult survival rate of Central North Pacific humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae). Journal of Mammalogy, 85, 963–972. https://doi.org/10.1644/BOS-123
Munn, C. (2012). Macaw biology and ecotourism, or “When a bird in the bush is worth two in the hand”. In S. Beissinger, & N. F. R. Snyder (Eds.), New World parrots in crisis: solutions from Conservation Biology (pp. 47–63). Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
McMahon, C. R., Bradshaw, A., & Hays, G. C. (2007). Applying the heat to research techniques for species conservation. Conseravtion Biology, 21, 271–273.
Nichols, W. J. & Seminoff, J. A. (1998). Plastic “Rototags” may be linked to sea turtle bycatch. Marine Turtle Newsletter, 79, 20–21.
Núñez-López, B. (2014). Diferenciación de individuos en cautiverio de la guacamaya verde (Ara militaris) por medio de la foto-identificación (Tesis). Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F.
Padilla-Ramírez, A. (2012). Desarrollo de una aplicación de correlación digital. Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, México: Editorial Académica Española.
Patiño-Valencia, J. L., Vargas-Molina, A. G., & Díaz-Avalos, C. (2008). Estimación poblacional de toninas Tursiops truncatus, en la bahía de Agiabampo Sonora-Sinaloa, México en verano y otoño de 1995 al 2001. Acta Zoológica Mexicana, 19, 15–21.
Peterson, J. C. B. (1972). An identification system for zebra (Equus burchelli Gray). East African Wildlife Journal, 10, 59–63. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.1972.tb00858.x
Peterson, R. T., & Chaliff, L. E. (1989). Guía de aves de México. México D.F.: Diana.
Pompa-Mansilla, S. (2007). Distribución y abundancia de los géneros Kogia y Steno en la Bahía Banderas y aguas adyacentes (Tesis de Maestría en Ciencias Biológicas). Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. México D.F.
Renton, K. (2004). Agonistic interactions of nesting and nonbreeding macaws. The Condor, 106, 354–362.
https://doi.org/10.1093/condor/106.2.354
Reyes, J., Echegaray, M., & De Paz, N. (2002). Distribución, comportamiento y conservación de cetáceos en el área Pisco-Paracas. Memorias de la Jornada Científica Reserva Nacional Paracas, 1, 136–144.
Reynolds, III, J. E., Kessenich, T. J., & Scolardi, K. M. (2005). Photo-identification and aerial surveys of manatees in Sarasota County Waters. Mote Marine Laboratory, Florida. Recovered March, 2019 from: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/a817/b3e88ee7dc70994b5e2c77ea95cf83f2d240.pdf
Ridgway, R. (1915). Ara militaris mexicanus. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 28,106.
Rivera-Ortíz, F. A., Contreras-González, A. M., Soberanes-González, C. A., Valiente-Banuet, A., & Arizmendi-Arriaga, M. C. (2008). Seasonal abundance and breeding chronology of the military macaw (Ara militaris) in a semi-arid region of central Mexico. Ornitología Neotropical, 19, 255–263. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmb.2016.02.002
Rivera-Ortíz, F. A., Oyama, K., Ríos-Muñoz, C. A., Solórzano, S., Navarro-Sigüenza, A. G., & Arizmendi, M. C. (2013). Habitat characterization and modeling the potential distribution of the Military Macaw (Ara militaris) in Mexico. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, 84, 1210–1216. https://doi.org/10.7550/rmb.34953
Rivera-Ortíz, F. A., Solórzano, S., Arizmendi, M. C., Dávila-Aranda, P., & Oyama, K. (2016). Genetic diversity and structure of the Military Macaw (Ara militaris) in Mexico: Implications for conservation. Tropical Conservation Science, 10, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940082916684346
Rubio, Y., Beltrán, A. F., Aviléz, B. S., & Ibarra, M. (2007). Conservación de la Guacamaya Verde (Ara militaris) y otros Psitácidos en una reserva ecológica universitaria, Cosalá, Sinaloa, México. Mesoamericana, 11, 62–69.
Sélem, C., Sosa, J., & Hernández, S. (2004). Aves y mamíferos. In F. B. Zúñiga, H. D. González, J. L. Prieto, & M. C. Carranza (Eds), Técnicas de muestreo por manejadores de recursos naturales (pp. 294–300). México D.F.: Centro de Investigaciones en Geografía Ambiental, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Este es el correcto.
Semarnat. (2010). Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-059- SEMARNAT-2010, Protección ambiental - Especies nativas de México de flora y fauna silvestres - Categorías de riesgo y especificaciones para su inclusión, exclusión o cambio - Lista de especies en riesgo. Diario Oficial de la Federación. 30 de diciembre de 2010, Segunda Sección, México. http:// www.conabio.gob.mx/informacion/catalogo_autoridades/NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2001 / NOM-059-SEMARNAT2001.pdf
Sibly, R. M., Barker, D., Denham, M. C., Hone, J., & Pagel, M. (2005). On the regulation of populations of mammals, birds, fish, and insects. Science, 309, 607–610. http://doi.org/10.1126/science.1110760
Schofield, G., Katselidis, K. A., Dimopoulus, P., & Pantis, J. D. (2008). Investigating the viability of photo-identification as an objective tool to study endangered sea turtle populations. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 360, 103–108. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2008.04.005
Statsoft Inc. (1984). Statistica 6.0. Oklahoma: Statsoft Inc.
Thompson, P. M., Wilson, B., Grellier, K., & Hammond, P. S. (2000). Combining power analysis and population viability analysis to compare traditional and precautionary approaches to conservation of coastal cetaceans. Conservation Biology, 14, 1253–1263. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.00099-410.x
Trujillo-González, F. (1994). The use of photoidentification to study the Amazon River Dolphin, Inia geoffrensis, in the Colombian Amazon. Marine Mammal Science, 10, 348–353. http://doi.org/10.1111 / j.1748-7692.1994.tb00489.x
Valdes-Arellanes, M. P., Serrano, A., Heckel, G., Schramm, Y., & Martínez-Serrano, I. (2011). Abundancia de dos poblaciones de toninas (Tursiops truncatus) en el norte de Veracruz, México. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, 82, 227–285. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/ib.20078706e.2011.1.367
Vigness-Raposa, K. J., Kenney, R. D., González, M. L., & August, P. V. (2010). Spatial patterns of humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) sightings and survey effort: Insight into North Atlantic population structure. Marine Mammal Science, 26, 161–175. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2009.00336.x
Williams, E. R., & Thomson, B. (2015). Improving population estimates of Glossy Black-Cockatoos (Calyptorhynchus lathami) using photoidentification. Emu, 115, 360–367. https://doi.org/10.1071/MU15041
Zar, J. (1999). Biostatistical analysis. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
