Biogeographic regionalization of the Sierra Madre del Sur province, Mexico
Juan J. Morrone
Museo de Zoología “Alfonso L. Herrera”, Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), 04510 Mexico City, Mexico. E-mail: juanmorrone2001@yahoo.com.mx.

Abstract
The biogeographic regionalization of the Sierra Madre del Sur province is reviewed, considering recent proposals and applying the International Code of Area Nomenclature (ICAN) to name the  3 subprovinces and 5 districts recognized. The Western Sierra Madre del Sur subprovince, situated in the states of Jalisco, Colima and Michoacán, comprises the Jaliscan and Jaliscan-Manantlán districts. The Central Sierra Madre del Sur subprov. nov., situated in the state of Michoacán, comprises the Michoacán district. The Eastern Sierra Madre del Sur subprovince, situated in the states of Guerrero, Oaxaca and Puebla, comprises the Guerreran and Oaxacan Highlands districts. Diagnoses of these areas are provided and their endemic taxa are listed.
Resumen
Se revisa la regionalización biogeográfica de la provincia de la Sierra Madre del Sur, considerando propuestas recientes y aplicando el Código Internacional de Nomenclatura de Áreas (ICAN) para nombrar las 3 subprovincias y 5 distritos reconocidos. La subprovincia de la Sierra Madre del Sur Occidental, situada en los estados de Jalisco, Colima y Michoacán, comprende los distritos Jaliscense y Jaliscense-Manantlán. La subprovincia de la Sierra Madre del Sur Central subprov. nov., situada en el estado de Michoacán, comprende el distrito de Michoacán. La subprovincia de la Sierra Madre del Sur Oriental, situada en los estados de Guerrero, Oaxaca y Puebla, comprende los distritos Guerrerense y de los Tierras Altas Oaxaqueñas. Se proveen diagnosis de estas áreas y se listan sus taxones endémicos.

Introduction
The Sierra Madre del Sur biogeographic province lies in south-central Mexico, situated basically between the Balsas Basin and the Pacific Lowlands provinces, and has been assigned to the Mexican transition zone (Morrone, 2010, 2014). Several authors have recognized the Sierra Madre del Sur as a distinct biogeographic province, although its boundaries differ widely among the different regionalizations (see Santiago-Alvarado et al., 2016). Some nested units that have been identified within this province (Smith, 1941; Ferrusquía-Villafranca, 1990; Arriaga et al., 1997; Escalante et al., 1998) were treated preliminary by Morrone (2014) as the Guerrero, Central Valley, Isthmian, Nudo de Zempoaltépetl, Oaxacan Highland and Sierra de Miahuatlán districts. Santiago-Alvarado et al. (2016) recently reviewed the delimitation of the Sierra Madre del Sur biogeographic province and its regionalization. They considered that the boundaries of the Sierra Madre del Sur ecoregion (INEGI-CONABIO-INE, 2008) were more appropriate, because they are based on climatic, geological and biological criteria, unifying different schemes into a single system, as suggested by Challenger and Soberón (2008). This new circumscription incorporates, in addition to the province as previously recognized by most authors (e.g., Goldman and Moore, 1945; Arriaga et al., 1997; Morrone, 2005, 2010, 2014) two disjunct areas in the states of Jalisco and Michoacán. Additionally, Santiago-Alvarado et al. (2016) recognized 2 subprovinces: Western Sierra Madre del Sur (with the Jaliscan-Tuito, Jaliscan-Manantlán and Michoacán districts) and Eastern Sierra Madre del Sur (with the Guerreran and Oaxacan districts). 
	My objectives are to review the biogeographic regionalization of the Sierra Madre del Sur province, especially considering Morrone's (2014) and Santiago-Alvarado et al.'s (2016) schemes; to provide the valid names of the areas recognized, applying the International Code of Area Nomenclature (ICAN; Ebach et al., 2008); and to list the diagnostic taxa of the different areas recognized.

Biogeographic regionalization
Sierra Madre del Sur province Goldman and Moore, 1945
Sierra Madre del Sur province Goldman and Moore, 1945: 358; Morrone, 2014: 33; Santiago-Alvarado et al., 2016: 432. 
Sierra and Mesa del Sur region West, 1964: 368. 
Meridional Mountains province (in part) Rzedowski, 1978: 103.
Sierra Madre del Sur Pine-oak Forests ecoregion Dinerstein et al., 1995: 97. 
Sierra Madre del Sur area Marshall and Liebherr, 2000: 206. 
Sierra Madre del Sur Highlands area Flores-Villela and Goyenechea, 2001: 174. 
Sierra Madre del Sur ecoregion Abell et al., 2008: 408; Challenger and Soberón, 2008: 103.
Highlands of Southern Mexico area Flores-Villela and Martínez-Salazar, 2009: 820. 
Diagnosis. South-central Mexico, in the states of Jalisco, Colima, Michoacán, Guerrero, Oaxaca and a part of Puebla. It spans for ca. 1100 km length, has an average width of 120 km and an altitude above 1000 m (Santiago-Alvarado et al., 2016). It is situated basically south of the Balsas Basin biogeographic province and north of the Pacific Lowlands province. As circumscribed by Santiago-Alvarado et al. (2016), it is not continuous but split into 3 distinct areas, treated herein as subprovinces.
Subprovinces. Three subprovinces are recognized, corresponding to the 3 disjunct areas of the province (Fig. 1): Western Sierra Madre del Sur, Central Sierra Madre del Sur and Eastern Sierra Madre del Sur. Santiago-Alvarado et al. (2016) considered the 2 former as a single subprovince, but based on the evidence available I consider it better to split it into 2 subprovinces.

Western Sierra Madre del Sur subprovince Santiago-Alvarado et al., 2016
Western Sierra Madre del Sur subprovince (in part) Santiago-Alvarado et al., 2016: 439.
Diagnosis. Western part of the Sierra Madre del Sur province, in the states of Jalisco, Colima and Michoacán.
Endemic taxa. CONIFEROPHYTA. Pinaceae: Pinus jaliscana (Santiago-Alvarado et al., 2016). ARTHROPODA. Scarabaeidae: Canthon riverai (Halffter et al., 2015).
Districts. It comprises 2 districts (Fig. 1): Jaliscan and Jaliscan-Manantlán. 

Jaliscan district Moore, 1945 
Jaliscan district Moore, 1945: 218; Morrone, 2014: 32.
Western district Torres Miranda and Luna 2007: 512.
Jaliscan-Tuito district Santiago-Alvarado et al., 2016: 439, syn. nov.
Diagnosis. Northern part of the subprovince, in the state of Jalisco (Santiago-Alvarado et al., 2016).
Endemic taxa. MAGNOLIOPHYTA. Fagaceae: Quercus cualensis and Q. tuitensis (González-Villareal, 2003; Santiago-Alvarado et al., 2016).

Jaliscan-Manantlán district Santiago-Alvarado et al., 2016
Jaliscan-Manantlán district Santiago-Alvarado et al., 2016: 440.
Diagnosis. Southern part of the subprovince, in the state of Jalisco and a part of northern Colima (Santiago-Alvarado et al., 2016).
Endemic taxa. MAGNOLIOPHYTA. Lauraceae: Beilschmiedia manantlanensis (Santiago-Alvarado et al., 2016); Salicaceae: Populus guzmanantlanensis (Santiago-Alvarado et al., 2016). NEMATODA. Rhabdiasidae: Rhabdias manantlanensis (Martínez-Salazar, 2008). ARTHROPODA. Scarabaeidae: Canthon occidentalis (Halffter et al., 2015). 

Central Sierra Madre del Sur subprov. nov.
Western Sierra Madre del Sur subprovince (in part) Santiago-Alvarado et al., 2016: 439.
Diagnosis. Central part of the Sierra Madre del Sur province, in the state of Michoacán.
Endemic taxa. CONIFEROPHYTA. Pinaceae: Pinus rzedowskii (Delgado et al., 1999; Santiago-Alvarado et al., 2016). MAGNOLIOPHYTA. Burseraceae: Bursera confusa (Santiago-Alvarado et al., 2016). VERTEBRATA. Cricetidae: Peromyscus sagax and P. winkelmanni (Ceballos and Oliva, 2005; Santiago-Alvarado et al., 2016). 

Michoacán district Santiago-Alvarado et al., 2016
Michoacán district Santiago-Alvarado et al., 2016: 440.
Diagnosis. The same as the subprovince.
Endemic taxa. The same as the subprovince.

Eastern Sierra Madre del Sur subprovince Santiago-Alvarado et al., 2016
Eastern Sierra Madre del Sur subprovince Santiago-Alvarado et al., 2016: 440.
Diagnosis. Eastern part of the Sierra Madre del Sur province, in the states of Guerrero, Oaxaca and part of Puebla (Santiago-Alvarado et al., 2016). It corresponds to the Sierra Madre del Sur province of previous authors (e.g., Arriaga et al., 1997; Morrone, 2014).
Endemic taxa. MAGNOLIOPHYTA. Asteraceae: Axiniphyllum corymbosum and Psacalium guerreroarum (Santiago-Alvarado et al., 2016). ARTHROPODA. Curculionidae: Naupactus sulfuratus, Pantomorus longulus and Phacepholis brevipes (Rosas et al., 2011). VERTEBRATA. Colubridae: Thamnophys chrysocephalus (Santiago-Alvarado et al., 2016); Cricetidae: Peromyscus megalops (Sullivan et al., 1997; Arellano et al., 2005; Escalante et al., 2005; Almendra et al., 2014); Eleutherodactylidae: Eleutherodactylus syristes García-Vázquez et al., 2016); Phrynosomatidae: Sceloporus formosus (Espinosa et al., 2008); Soricidae: Cryptotis goldmani (Ceballos and Oliva, 2005; Escalante et al., 2005); Thraupidae: Chloropsingus albifrons (García-Trejo and Navarro, 2004); Trochilidae: Cynanthus sordidus (Arriaga et al., 1997; García-Trejo and Navarro, 2004).
Districts. It comprises 2 districts (Fig. 1): Guerreran and Oaxacan Highlands.

Guerreran district Smith, 1941 
Guerreran province Smith, 1941: 108.
Sierra Madre del Sur-Guerrero province Escalante et al., 1998: 285.
Guerreran district; Morrone, 2014: 33; Santiago-Alvarado et al., 2016: 441.
Diagnosis. Western part of the Eastern Sierra Madre del Sur subprovince, in the state of Guerrero, corresponding to the central part of the Guerreran Sierra (Escalante et al., 1998; Santiago-Alvarado et al., 2016). 
Endemic taxa. MAGNOLIOPHYTA. Iridaceae: Sessilanthera heliantha and Tigridia hintonii (Munguía-Lino et al., 2015; Santiago-Alvarado et al., 2016); Fagaceae: Quercus rubramenta (Santiago-Alvarado et al., 2016); Rutaceae: Megastigma chiangii (Jiménez Ramírez and Cruz Durán, 2015). ARTHROPODA. Carabidae: Elliptoleus whiteheadi (Liebherr, 1994); Passalidae: Petrejoides imbellis (Castillo and Reyes-Castillo, 1984); Scarabaeidae: Cotinis ibarrai, Onthophagus bassariscus, O. chevrolati omiltemus and O. semiopacus (Zunino and Halffter, 1988; Lobo and Halffter, 1994); Staphylinidae: Gansia flavata (Ashe and Lingafelter, 1995). VERTEBRATA. Anguidae: Mesaspis gadowii gadowii (Santiago-Alvarado et al., 2016); Corvidae: Cyanolyca mirabilis (Santiago-Alvarado et al., 2016); Cricetidae: Handleyomis guerrerensis, Megadontomys thomasi, Peromyscus bakeri, P. mexicanus putlaensis and Reithrodontomys bakeri (Sullivan et al., 1997; Arellano et al., 2005; Escalante et al., 2005; Espinosa et al., 2008; Almendra et al., 2014); Dactyloidae: Anolis dunni, A. gadovii, A. liogaster and A. peucephilus (Köhler et al., 2014); Leporidae: Sylvilagus insonus (Ceballos and Oliva, 2005; Escalante et al., 2005); Phrynosomatidae: Sceloporus adleri (Santiago-Alvarado et al., 2016); Scindidae: Pleistodon brevirostris species group (Feria-Ortiz and García-Márquez, 2012); Trochilidae: Eupherusa poliocerca and Lophornis brachylophus (Santiago-Alvarado et al., 2016).

Oaxacan Highlands district Smith, 1941
Oaxacan Highlands province Smith, 1941: 107.
Central Valleys subprovince Ferrusquía-Villafranca, 1990: map. 
Isthmian subprovince Ferrusquía-Villafranca, 1990: map.
Sierra Juárez Pine-oak Forests ecoregion Dinerstein et al., 1995: 96.
Oaxaca province Arriaga et al., 1997: 65.
Sierra Madre del Sur-Oaxaca province Escalante et al., 1998: 285.
Nudo de Zempoaltépetl province Escalante et al., 1998: 285.
Sierra de Miahuatlán province Escalante et al., 1998: 285.
Central Valleys district; Morrone, 2014: 33, syn. nov. 
Isthmian district; Morrone, 2014: 33, syn. nov.
Nudo de Zempoaltépetl district; Morrone, 2014: 33, syn. nov.
Oaxacan Highlands district; Morrone, 2014: 34.
Sierra de Miahuatlán district; Morrone, 2014: 33, syn. nov.
Oaxacan district Santiago-Alvarado et al., 2016: 442, syn. nov.
Diagnosis. Eastern part of the Eastern Sierra Madre del Sur subprovince, which corresponds to the highlands of the state of Oaxaca, basically the Mixteca and Northern Sierras (Smith, 1941; Arriaga et al., 1997; Santiago-Alvarado et al., 2016). 
Endemic taxa. CONIFEROPHYTA. Pinaceae: Abies bickeli (Santiago-Alvarado et al., 2016). MAGNOLIOPHYTA. Burseraceae: Bursera altijuga, B. arida, B. biflora and B. heliae (Santiago-Alvarado et al., 2016); Cactaceae: Weberocereus alliodorus (Gómez-Hinostrosa and Hernández, 2014); Iridaceae: Ainea conzatii (Santiago-Alvarado et al., 2016); Poaceae: Chusquea nedjaquithiii (Ruiz-Sánchez et al., 2014); Salvadoraceae: Salvadora intermedia (Santiago-Alvarado et al., 2016). ARTHROPODA. Carabidae: Elliptoleus crepericornis, E. curtulus and E. zapotecorum (Liebherr, 1994). Curculionidae: Phacepholis globicollis (Rosas et al., 2011); Passalidae: Petrejoides jalapensis (Castillo and Reyes-Castillo, 1984); Amphypterygidae: Amphyteryx longicaudatus (González Soriano and Novelo Gutiérrez, 1996); Cordulidae: Neocordulia batesii (González Soriano and Novelo Gutiérrez, 1996); Hesperiidae: Cogia buena (Warren et al., 2015). VERTEBRATA. Anguidae: Abronia mixteca and A. oaxacae (Campbell et al., 2016); Cricetidae: Habromys chinanteco, H. ixtlani, H. lepturus, Megadontomys cryophilus, Microtus oaxacensis, M. umbrosus, Peromyscus gratus zapotecae, P. melanocarpus and P. melaurus  (Ceballos and Oliva, 2005; Briones-Salas et al., 2015); Dactyloidae: Anolis omiltemanus (Köhler et al., 2014); Plethodontidae: Pseudoeurycea cochranae, P. smithi, P. unguidentis and Thorius narisovalis (Espinosa et al., 2008); Soricidae: Cryptotis peregrina and C. phillipsii (Ceballos and Oliva, 2005); Trochilidae: Eupherusa cyanophrys (Arriaga et al., 1997; García-Trejo and Navarro, 2004).

Acknowledgments
Support from project PAPIIT IN203716 (DGAPA, UNAM) is acknowledged.

References
Abell, R., Thieme, M. L. , Revenga, C., Bryer, M., Kottelat, M., Bogutskaya, N., Coad, B., Mandrak, N., Contreras Balderas, S., Bussing, W., Stiassny, M. L. L., Skelton, P., Allen, G. R., Unmack, P., Naseka, A., Ng, R., Sinforf, N., Robertson, J., Armijo, E., Higgins, J. V., Heibel, T. J., Wikramanayake, E., Olson, D., López, H. L., Reis, R. E., Lundberg, J. G., Sabaj Pérez, M. H. and Petry, P. (2008). Freshwater ecoregions of the world: A new map of biogeographic units for freshwater biodiversity conservation. BioScience, 58: 493–414.
Almendra, A. L., Rogers, D. S. and González-Cózatl, F. X. (2014). Molecular phylogenetics of the Handleyomis chapmani complex in Mesoamerica. Journal of Mammalogy, 95, 26-40.
Arellano, E., González-Cozátl, F. X. and Rogers, D. S. (2005). Molecular systematics of Middle American harvest mice Reithrodontomys (Muridae), estimated from mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 37, 529–540.
Arriaga, L., Aguilar, C., Espinosa, D. and Jiménez, R. (1997). Regionalización ecológica y biogeográfica de México. Taller de la Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (Conabio), November 1997, Mexico City, 327 pp.
Ashe, J.S. and Lingafelter, S.W. (1995). Revision of Gansia Sharp of Mexico and Central America (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 103, 251–280.
Briones-Salas, M., Cortés-Marcial, M. and Lavariega, M. C. (2015). Diversidad y distribución geográfica de los mamíferos terrestres del estado de Oaxaca, México. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, 86, 685–710.
Campbell, J. A., Solano-Zavaleta, I., Flores-Villela, O., Caviedes-Solís, I. W. and Frost, D. R. (2016). A new species of Abronia (Squamata: Anguidae) from the Sierra Madre del Sur of Oaxaca, Mexico. Journal of Herpetology, 50, 149–156.
Castillo, C. and Reyes-Castillo, P. (1984). Biosistemática del género Petrejoides Kuwert (Coleoptera, Lamellicornia, Passalidae). Acta Zoológica Mexicana (nueva serie), 4, 1–84.
Ceballos, G. and Oliva, G. (2005). Los mamíferos silvestres de México. Conabio and Fondo de Cultura Económica, Mexico City.
Challenger, A. and Soberón, J. (2008). Los ecosistemas terrestres. In: Sarukhán, J. (ed.), Capital natural de México. Vol. I. Conocimiento actual de la biodiversidad. Conabio, Mexico City, pp. 87–108.
Delgado, P., Piñero, D., Chaos, A., Pérez-Nasser, N. and Álvarez-Buylla, E. R. (1999). High population differentiation and genetic variation in the endangered Mexican pine Pinus rzedowskii. American Journal of Botany, 86, 669–676.
Dinerstein, E., Olson, D.M., Graham, D.J., Webster, A.L., Primm, S.A., Bookbinder, M.P. and Ledec, G. (1995). A conservation assessment of the terrestrial ecoregions of Latin America and the Caribbean. The World Bank, Washington, D.C., 129 pp. 
Ebach, M. C., Morrone, J. J., Parenti, L. R. and Viloria, Á. L. (2008). International Code of Area Nomenclature. Journal of Biogeography, 35, 1153-1157.
Escalante, P., Navarro, A.G. and Peterson, A.T. (1998). Un análisis geográfico, ecológico e histórico de la diversidad de aves terrestres de México. In: Ramamoorthy, T.P., Bye, R., Lot, A. and Fa, A. (Eds.), Diversidad biológica de México: Orígenes y distribución. Instituto de Biología, UNAM, Mexico City, pp. 279–304.
Escalante, T., Rodríguez, G. and Morrone, J. J. (2005). Las provincias biogeográficas del Componente Mexicano de Montaña desde la perspectiva de los mamíferos continentales. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, 76, 199–205.
Espinosa Organista, D., Ocegueda Cruz, S., Aguilar Zúñiga, C., Flores Villela, O. and Llorente-Bousquets, J. (2008). El conocimiento biogeográfico de las especies y su regionalización natural. In: Sarukhán, J. (ed.), Capital natural de México. Vol. I. Conocimiento actual de la biodiversidad. Conabio, Mexico City, pp. 33–65.
Feria-Ortiz, M. and García-Márquez, U. O. (2012). A new species of Plesiodon (Squamata: Scindidae) from Sierra Madre del Sur of Guerrero, México. Zootaxa, 3339, 57-68.
Ferrusquía-Villafranca, I. (1990). Regionalización biogeográfica. Mapa IV.8.10. In: Atlas Nacional de México. Vol. III. Instituto de Geografía, UNAM, Mexico City, map.
Flores-Villela, O. and Goyenechea, I. (2001). A comparison of hypotheses of historical area relationships for Mexico and Central America, or in search for the lost pattern. In: Johnson, J., R. G. Webb and O. Flores-Villela (eds.), Mesoamerican herpetology: Systematics, zoogeography, and conservation, Centennial Museum, Special Publication 1, University of Texas, El Paso, pp. 171–181.
Flores-Villela, O. and Martínez-Salazar, E.A. (2009), Historical explanation of the origin of the herpetofauna of México. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, 80, 817–833.
García-Trejo, E. A. and Navarro, A. G. (2004). Patrones biogeográficos de la riqueza de especies y el endemismo de la avifauna en el oeste de México. Acta Zoológica Mexicana (nueva serie), 20, 167–185.
García-Vázquez, U. O., Devitt, T. J., Nieto-Montes de Oca, A., Rovito, S. M., Caviedes, I. and Parra-Olea, G. (2016). New occurrence records of Eleutherodactylus syristes in Guerrero and Oaxaca, Mexico. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, 87, 1149–1152.
Goldman, E.A. and Moore, R.T. (1945). The biotic provinces of Mexico. Journal of Mammalogy, 26, 347–360.
Gómez-Hinostrosa, C. and Hernández, H. M. (2014). Studies on Mexican Cactaceae. VI. A new species of Weberocereus (Cactaceae) from Oaxaca, Mexico. Brittonia, 66, 250–255.
González Soriano, E. and Novelo Gutiérrez, R. (1996). Odonata. In: Llorente Bousquets, J., García Aldrete, A. N. and Gónzalez Soriano, E. (eds), Biodiversidad, taxonomía y biogeografía de artrópodos de México: Hacia una síntesis de su conocimiento. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, pp. 147–167.
González-Villareal, L. M. (2003). Two new species of oak (Fagaceae, Quercus sect. Lobatae) from the Sierra Madre del Sur, Mexico. Brittonia, 55, 49–60.
Halffter, G., Rivera Cervantes, L. E. and Halffter, V. (2015). Diversificación del grupo humectus del género Canthon (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) en el occidente de México. Acta Zoológica Mexicana (nueva serie), 31, 208–220.
INEGI-CONABIO-INE. (2008). Ecorregiones terrestres de México. Escala 1:1,000,000. Mexico City.
Jiménez Ramírez, J. and Cruz Durán, R. (2015). Megastigma chiangii (Rutaceae), a new species of the Sierra Madre del Sur of the Guerrero state, Mexico. Brittonia, 67, 56–58. 
Köhler, G., Gómez Trejo Pérez, R, Petersen, C. B. P. and Méndez de la Cruz, F. R. (2014). A revision of the Mexican Anolis (Reptilia, Squamata, Dactyloidae) from the Pacific versant west of the Isthmus de Tehuantepec in the states of Oaxaca, Guerrero, and Puebla, with the description of six new species. Zootaxa, 3862, 1-210.
Liebherr, J. K. (1994) Biogeographic patterns of montane Mexican and Central American Carabidae (Coleoptera). The Canadian Entomologist, 126, 841–860.
Lobo, J.M. and Halffter, G. (1994) Relaciones entre escarabajos (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) y nidos de tuza (Rodentia: Geomyidae): Implicaciones biológicas y biogeográficas. Acta Zoológica Mexicana (nueva serie), 62, 1–9.
Marshall, C.J. and Liebherr, J.K. (2000). Cladistic biogeography of the Mexican transition zone. Journal of Biogeography, 27, 203–216.
Martínez-Salazar, E. A. (2008). A new rhabdiasid species from Craugastor occidentalis (Anura: Brachycephalidae) from Sierra de Manantlán, Jalisco, Mexico. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, 79, 81–89.
Moore, R.T. (1945). The Transverse Volcanic biotic province of central Mexico and its relationship to adjacent provinces. Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History, 10, 217–236.
Morrone, J. J. (2005). Hacia una síntesis biogeográfica de México. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, 76, 207–252.
Morrone, J. J. (2010). Fundamental biogeographic patterns across the Mexican Transition Zone: An evolutionary approach. Ecography, 33: 355–361.
Morrone, J. J. (2014). Biogeographical regionalisation of the Neotropical region. Zootaxa, 3782, 1–110.
Munguía-Lino, G., Castro-Castro, A. and Rodríguez, A. (2015) Nota sobre el redescubrimiento de Tigridia hintonii (Tigridieae: Iridaceae) en el estado de Guerrero, México. Acta Botanica Mexicana, 113, 75–85.
Rosas, M. V., del Río, M. G., Lanteri, A. A. and Morrone, J. J. (2011). Track analysis of the North and Central American species of the Pantomorus-Naupactus complex (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, 49, 309–314.
Ruiz-Sánchez, E., Mejía-Saules, T. and Clark, L. G. (2014). Chusquea nedjaquithii (Poaceae: Bambusoideae, Bambuseae, Chusqueinae), a new endemic species from Oaxaca, Mexico. Phytotaxa, 184, 23–30.
Rzedowski, J. (1978) La vegetación de México. Editorial Limusa, Mexico City, 432 pp.
Santiago-Alvarado, M., Montaño-Arias, G. and Espinosa, D. (2016). Áreas de endemismo de la Sierra Madre del Sur. In: Luna-Vega, I., Espinosa, D. and Contreras-Medina, R. (eds.), Biodiversidad de la Sierra Madre del Sur: Una síntesis preliminar, UNAM, Mexico City, pp. 431–448.
Sullivan, J., Markert, J.A. and Kilpatrick, C.W. (1997). Phylogeography and molecular systematics of the Peromyscus aztecus species group (Rodentia: Muridae) inferred using parsimony and likelihood. Systematic Biology, 46, 426–440.
Smith, H. (1941). Las provincias bióticas de México, según la distribución geográfica de las lagartijas del género Sceloporus. Anales de la Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, 2, 103–110.
Torres Miranda, A. and Luna, I. (2007). Hacia una síntesis panbiogeográfica. In: Luna, I., Morrone, J.J. and Espinosa, D. (Eds.), Biodiversidad de la Faja Volcánica Transmexicana. Las Prensas de Ciencias, UNAM, Mexico City, pp. 503–514.
Warren, A. D., Dolibaina, D. R. and Hernández-Mejía, C. (2015). A new species of Cogia from Oaxaca, Mexico (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Eudaminae). Zootaxa, 3941, 239–246.
West, R.C. (1964). The natural regions of Middle America. In: West, R.C. (Ed.), Handbook of Middle American Indians. Vol. 1. University of Texas Press, Austin, pp. 363–383.
Zunino, M. and Halffter, G. (1988). Análisis taxonómico, ecológico y biogeográfico de un grupo americano de Onthophagus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Monografie del Museo Regionale di Science Naturale, 9: 1–211.

Figure caption
Fig. 1. Biogeographic regionalization of the Sierra Madre del Sur province.