Ontogenetic changes in wild chagasic bugs (Dipetalogaster maximus): exploring morphological adaptations in pre-adult and adult stages
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22201/ib.20078706e.2019.90.2664Palabras clave:
Development, Feeding, Growth, Instar, Mobility, Phenotype, Triatominae, VisionResumen
Triatomine insects are vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas, 1909), the causing agent of Chagas disease. We studied the morphological ontogenetic changes of Dipetalogaster maxima (Uhler, 1894), an endemic Chagas vector of Baja California Sur, Mexico. We measured and compared among nymphal stages and adults and, and between sexes phenotypic traits linked to the following functions: a) feeding: proboscis length and width; b) vision: head length and width; c) mobility: pronotum width and length and; feeding capacity and fecundity: abdomen length in 5 nymphal stages and in adults of both sexes, respectively. We found a steady increase in proboscis and head size. The length of pronotum, and abdomen increased abruptly in adults compared to the fifth nymphal stage. Adult females were only bigger than males in total length, whereas males had larger pronotum. Our results demonstrated a stable increase along the fifth stage, but an exaggerated increase of pronotum when insects become adults. This growth is associated with wing muscular growth, potentially used for dispersal and finding mates and preys during adult life. In turn, fecundity is operating to enlarge female’s total length and abdominal size, but male abdomen may be selected to storage of large blood meals.
Citas
Aldana, E., Medone, P., Pineda, D., Menu, F., & Rabinovich, J. (2017). Development time and fitness: is there an adaptive development delay in the Rhodnius prolixus fifth nymphal stage? Entomologia experimentalis et applicata, 163, 1-8.
Anholt, B. R., Marden, J.H. & Jenkins, D.M. (1991). Patterns of mass gain and sexual dimorphism in adult dragonflies (Insecta: Odonata). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 69, 1156-1163.
Arnqvist, G. & Rowe, L. (2013) Sexual conflict. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
Bar, M.E.A., Milano, A.M.F., Damborsky, M.P., Oscherov, E.B. & Avalos, G. (2003). Patrones de alimentación y de defecación de Triatoma rubrovria (Heteroptera: Reduviidae) bajo condiciones de laboratorio. Revista de la Sociedad. Entomológica Argentina, 62, 107-113.
Barrozo, R.B., Minoli, S.A. & Lazzari, C.R. (2004). Circadian rhythm of behavioural responsiveness to carbon dioxide in the blood-sucking bug Triatoma infestans (Heteroptera: Reduviidae). Journal of Insect Physiology, 50, 249-254.
Barrozo, R.B., Reisenman, C.E., Guerenstein, P., C.R. Lazzari, & Lorenzo, M.G. (2017). An inside look at the sensory biology of triatomines. Journal of Insect Physiology 97, 3-19.
Bergsten, J., Töyrä, A. & Nilsson, A.N. (2001). Intraspecific variation and intersexual correlation in secondary sexual characters of three diving beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 73, 221-232.
Blanckenhorn, W. U. (2000). The evolution of body size: what keeps organisms small? Quaterly Review in Biology, 75, 385-407.
Botto-Mahan, C., Ossa, C.G. & Medel, R. (2008). Direct and indirect pathways of fitness‐impact in a protozoan‐infected kissing bug. Physiological Entomology, 33, 25-30.
Bronfen, E., Rocha, F.S.D.A., Machado, G.B.N., Perillo, M.M., A.J. Romanha, & E. Chiari, E. (1989) Isolamento de amostras do Trypanosoma cruzi por xenodiagnóstico e hemocultura de pacientes na fase crônica da doença de Chagas. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 84, 237-240.
Bustamante, D.M., Monroy, C., Menes, M., Rodas, A., Salazar-Schettino, P.M., Rojas, G., Pinto, N., Guhl, F. & Dujardin, J.P. (2004). Metric variation among geographic populations of the Chagas vector Triatoma dimidiata (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) and related species. Journal of Medical Entomology, 41, 296-301.
Carbajal De La Fuente, A. L., & Catalá, S. (2002) Relationship between antennal sensilla pattern and habitat in six species of Triatominae. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 97, 1121-1125.
Catalá, S. S. (1997) Antennal sensilla of Triatominae (Hemiptera, Reduviidae): a comparative study of five genera. International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology, 26, 67-73.
Costa, J.M., Jurberg, J. & Almeida, J.R. (1987). Estudos bionômicos de Dipetalogaster maximus (Ulher, 1984) (Hemiptera–Triatominae). II–Influencia da dieta sobre o ciclo biológico e resistência ao jejum. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 82, 111-118.
Crespo, J. G., & Manrique, G. (2007) Mating behavior of the hematophagous bug Triatoma infestans: role of Brindley’s and metasternal glands. Journal of Insect Physiology, 53, 708–714.
Dujardin, J.P., Costa, J., Bustamante, D., Jaramillo, N. & Catalá, S. (2009). Deciphering morphology in Triatominae: the evolutionary signals. Acta Tropica, 110, 101-111.
Gaunt, M. & Miles, M. (2000). The ecotopes and evolution of triatomine bugs (Triatominae) and their associated trypanosomes. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 95, 557-565.
Gurevitz, J.M., Kitron, U. & Gürtler, R.E. (2009) Temporal dynamics of flight muscle development in Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 46, 1021-1024.
Guzmán-Bracho, C. (2001) Epidemiology of Chagas disease in Mexico: an update. Trends in Parasitology, 17, 372-376.
Jiménez, M.L. & Palacios, C. (1999) Incidencia de la chinche piedrera (Dipetalogaster maximus) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae) vector de Trypanosoma cruzi en zonas urbanas de La Paz, Baja California Sur, México. Annales del Instituto de Biologia S: Zoologia, 70, 215-221.
Jiménez, M.L., Llinas, J. & Palacios, C. (2003). Infection rates in Dipetalogaster maximus (Reduviidae: Triatominae) by Trypanosoma cruzi in the Cape Region, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Journal of Medical Entomology, 40, 18-21.
Jurberg, J., Fagundes, L. M. & Barth, O. M. (1993). Morphological study of ovum and nymphs of Dipetalogaster maximus (Uhler, 1894) (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 53, 269-283.
Krenn, H. W., & Aspöck, H. (2012). Form, function and evolution of the mouthparts of blood-feeding Arthropoda. Arthopod Structure and.Development, 41, 101-118.
Lazzari, C.R. (1992). Circadian organization of locomotion activity in the haematophagous bug Triatoma infestans. Journal of Insect Physiology, 38, 895–903.
Lazzari, C.R. & Núñez, J (1989). The response to radiant heat and the estimation of the temperature of distant sources in Triatoma infestans. Journal of Insect Physiology, 35, 525-529.
McCollum, S.A. & Leimberger, J. D. (1997). Predator-induced morphological changes in an amphibian: predation by dragonflies affects tadpole shape and color. Oecologia, 109, 615-621.
Manrique, G. & Lazzari, C. R. (1995). Existence of a sex pheromone in Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae): I. Behavioural evidence. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 90, 645–648.
Manrique, G. & Lorenzo, M. G. (2012). The sexual behaviour of Chagas’ disease vectors: chemical signals mediating communication between male and female Triatomine bugs. Psyche, 2012, 1–8.
Marsden, P.D., Cuba, C.C., Alvarenga, N.J. & Barreto, A.C. (1979). Report on a field collection of Dipetalogaster maximus (Hemiptera; Triatominae) (Uhler, 1894). Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. São Paulo, 21, 202-206.
Mazzotti, L. (1970). Observations on Dipetalogaster maximus. Revista Instituto Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, 12, 320-324.
Mehlhorn, H. (2015). Encyclopedia of Parasitology. New York: Springer
Noireau, F., Diosque, P. & Jansen, A. M. (2009). Trypanosoma cruzi: adaptation to its vectors and its hosts. Veterianrian Research, 40, 1-23.
Pauw, A., Stofberg, J. & Waterman, R.J. (2009). Flies and flowers in Darwin's race. Evolution, 63, 268–279.
Pontes, G.B., Bohman, B., Rikard, U.C. & Lorenzo, M. G. (2008). Metasternal gland volatiles and sexual communication in the triatomine bug, Rhodnius prolixus. Journal Chemical Ecology, 34, 450–457.
Preziosi, R. F., Fairbairn, D. J., Roff, D. A. & Brennan, J. M. (1996). Body size and fecundity in the waterstrider Aquarius remigis: a test of Darwin's fecundity advantage hypothesis. Oecologia, 108, 424-431.
Roces, F. & Manrique, G. (1996). Different stridulatory vibrations during sexual behaviour and disturbance in the blood-sucking bug Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Journal Insect Physiology, 42, 231-238.
Roque, A.L.R., Xavier, S.C., da Rocha, M.G., Duarte, A.C.M., D’Andrea, P.S. & Jansen, A.M. (2008). Trypanosoma cruzi transmission cycle among wild and domestic mammals in three areas of orally transmitted Chagas disease outbreaks. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 79, 742-749.
Rubio, C., Moncada, L.I., Rojas, M.A. & García, A. (2013). Feeding behavior of Rhodnius robustus Larouse, 1927 (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) under laboratory conditions. Biomédica, 33, 205-213.
Ryckman, R.E. & A. E. Ryckman, A. E. (1967). Epizootiology of Trypanosoma cruzi in Southwestern North America part x: the biosystematics of Dipetalogaster maximus in Mexico (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)(Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 4, 180-188.
Schilman, P.E., Lazzari, C.R. & Manrique, G. (2001). Comparison of disturbance stridulations in five species of triatominae bugs. Acta Tropica, 79, 171-178.
Silva, M. B. A., Barbosa, H. S., Galvão, C., Jurberg, J. & Carcavallo, R. U. (2003). Comparative study of the stridulatory sulcus, buccula and rostrum of the nymphs of Triatoma guazu Lent & Wygodzinsky, 1979 and Triatoma jurbergi Carcavallo, Galvão & Lent, 1998 by scanning electron microscopy (Hemiptera, Reduviidae). Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 98, 335-344.
Villalobos, G., Martínez-Ibarra, J. A., Martínez-Hernández, F., López-Alcaide, S., & Alejandre-Aguilar, R. (2012). The morphological variation of the eggs and genital plates of two morphotypes of Triatoma protracta Uhler, 1894. Journal of Vector Ecology, 37, 179-186.
Zacharias, C.A., Pontes, G.B., Lorenzo, M.G. & Manrique, G. (2010). Flight initiation by male Rhodnius prolixus is promoted by female odors. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 36, 449–451.
